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Dek-kwinu Lesono / Lesson Fifteen
Verbs: Compound Tenses 2
In the previous lesson we studied the verbs that are formed with active participles which make the 'active voice'. We will see now those that are formed with passive participles, which make the 'passive voice'.
The 'passive voice' is formed with the auxiliary 'esi' and the passive participle of the main verb, whose endings are:
future -ota
present -ata
past -ita
The subject in passive voice is called 'patient', because it 'suffers' or receives passively the action indicated by the verb. The agent of the action is preceded by the preposition 'de' (by, of).
If we use the same examples of the previous lesson , we have:
La fenetro esan fermota de Maria.
The window is going to be closed by Maria.
La fenetro esan fermata de Maria.
The window is closed by Maria.
La fenetro esan fermita de Maria.
The window has been closed by Maria.
La fenetro esin fermota de Maria.
The window was going to be closed by Maria.
La fenetro esin fermata de Maria.
The window was closed by Maria.
La fenetro esin fermita de Maria.
The window had been closed by Maria.
La fenetro eson fermota de Maria.
The window will be going to be closed by Maria.
La fenetro eson fermata de Maria.
The window will be closed by Maria.
La fenetro eson fermita de Maria.
The window will have been closed by Maria.
A sentence in active voice can be transformed into passive voice and vice versa. When we transform a sentence in active voice into passive voice, the subject of the sentence becomes the agent (preceded by the preposition 'de'), and the direct object of the active voice becomes the subject (patient) of the passive voice. Example:
Active voice: Ludoviko esan skribanta letero (Louis is writing a letter).
Passive voice: Letero esan skribata de Ludoviko (A letter is written by Louis).
The passive participles can also perform functions as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs.
Examples of adjectives
Present: -ata
Domo konstruata: A house under construction, being built.
Past: -ita
La perdita tempo: The time lost.
Future: -ota
Skribota letero: A letter that will be written.
Examples of nouns
Present: -ato
La lovato: The loved one.
Past: -ito
La kondamnito: The condemned.
Future: -oto
La egzamoto: The person that will be examined.
Examples of adverbs
Present: -ate
Future: -ote
Past: -ite
Suffix -uy-: Designates a container
Sukro: sugar
Sukruyo: sugar bowl
Salo: salt
Saluyo: saltcellar
Lavi: wash
Lavuyo: washbasin
Bani: bathe
Banuyo: bathtub
La saluyo ay la sukruyo esan sur la tablo.
En la bancambro esan lavuyo ay banuyo.
En tiu uyo xi havan bombonos ay alia dolcacos (sweets).
Kie esan la saluyo ay la sukruyo?. Ju esan sur la tablo.
Kie esan la lavuyo ay la banuyo?. Ju esan en la bancambro.
Kio xi havan en tiu uyo?. Xi havan bombonos ay alia dolcacos.
Suffix -ing-: Designates an object that contains another, case.
Sigaredo: cigarette
Sigaredingo: cigarette holder
Glavo: sword
Glavingo: sheath
Por fumi Enriko usan sigaretingo.
La konkeranto eltirin la glavo el la glavingo.
Cu Enriko fuman sigaredos?. Yes, sed hi usan sigaredingo.
Kio farin la konkeranto?. Hi eltirin la glavo el la glavingo.
Suffix -um- Is used to form words that have a vague relation with the root and cannot be expressed with any other suffix. The words with this suffix are limited.
diswarma: cold
diswarmumi: to have a cold
kruco: cross
krucumi: to crucify
plando: sole (of the foot)
plandumo: sole (of the shoe)
kalkano: heel (of the body)
kalkanumo: heel (of the shoe)
kolo: neck (of the body)
kolumo: collar (of a shirt, etc.)
mano: hand
manumo: cuff (of a sleeve)
aero: air
aerumi: to air
vento: wind
ventumi: to ventilate
Proksume je la deku morne mu devon esi en la flughaveno (airport).
La wetero esan diswarmega. Mi ne havan surtuto. Mi diswarmumon.
La plandumos ay kalkanumos de hia suos esan elusita (worn).
La kolumo de ci tiu xirto esan tro biga por mi. Mi aceton alia xirto kum dismor biga kolumo.
En Afriko la wetero esan tre warma. Esan necesa multa ventumilos.
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